Things I want to remember about SSH

SSH, short for Secure Shell, is a protocol for secure network communications. It is widely used for executing commands on remote servers, and for file uploads or downloads. If you are working with Django, use Git version control, or administrate servers, you surely are using SSH. In this post, I want to share some technical details about it.

Secure Shell is using private and public key pairs. You can either use automatically generated private and public keys combined with a password, or manually generated private and public keys. In the latter case, you need to keep your private key on your computer and upload the public key to the remote server.

Creating a pair of SSH keys manually

If you are using GitHub, Bitbucket, DigitalOcean, or some other service, you might have seen the possibility to upload public SSH keys for direct access to remote servers.

Here is how you usually create the SSH keys on the computer from which you want to establish a secure connection (your local machine or one of your servers that has access to other servers or services). In the Terminal you would execute these commands:

$ ssh-keygen
$ ssh-agent /usr/local/bin/bash
$ ssh-add ~/.ssh/id_rsa

The id_rsa is the name of the default SSH private key. The public key would be id_rsa.pub. And by default they both will be located under ~/.ssh/.

When running ssh-keygen you can choose different key names and even add a passphrase. For instance, you could have github_id_rsa and github_id_rsa.pub keys for communication with GitHub. My recommendation would be for each new service to create a new private-public key pair so that in case you need to transfer your computer's data to a different machine, you could selectively transfer the access to the remote servers.

Also, if you are not using the passphrase for the SSH key pair, I would recommend having your disk encrypted and a secure user password for your computer. If your laptop gets stolen, the thief wouldn't be able to get to your remote servers without knowing your computer's password.

Creating an access to a remote server by SSH key

In the case of GitHub, Bitbucket, and other online services with SSH communication, you usually have to copy the contents of the public key into a text field in a web form.

If you want to create a secure communication by manually generated private-public keys with a server where your Django project is deployed, you should append the contents of the public key to the ~/.ssh/authorized_keys file on the remote server.

To get the content of the public key in the Terminal, you can use:

$ cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub

Then copy the output to the clipboard.

Or on macOS you can run pbcopy as follows:

$ pbcopy < ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub 

To append the contents of the public key to the remote server, you can do this:

$  echo "...pasted public key...">>~/.ssh/authorized_keys

Creating authorization at a remote server by password

If you want to establish an SSH connection with a password and automatically generated private-public keys, you would need to edit /etc/ssh/sshd_config and ensure these two settings:

PasswordAuthentication yes
PermitEmptyPasswords no

After the change, you would restart the ssh server with the following command:

$ sudo service ssh restart

Also, make sure that the user you are connecting with has a password:

$ sudo passwd the_user

Connecting to a remote server

The default way to connect via SSH to a remote server with a password is executing the following in the Terminal:

$ ssh the_user@example.com

To connect with a private key, you would execute this:

$ ssh -i ~/.ssh/examplecom_id_rsa the_user@example.com

Next, let's see how we can simplify this using some local SSH configuration.

Configuring local SSH client

Edit ~/.ssh/config and add the following lines for each SSH connection that you want to define:

Host examplecom
    HostName example.com
    User the_user
    IdentityFile ~/.ssh/examplecom_id_rsa

If the domain of the website is not yet pointing to the IP address of the server, you can also connect by IP address:

Host examplecom
    HostName 1.2.3.4
    User the_user
    IdentityFile ~/.ssh/examplecom_id_rsa

The following allows you to login to your remote servers by manually generated private-public key with just these lines:

$ ssh examplecom

To request for password instead of using the manually generated keys, you would need to modify the snippet as follows:

Host examplecom
    HostName example.com
    User the_user
    PubkeyAuthentication=no

When you connect via SSH and wait don't type anything for 30 minutes or so, the connection gets lost. But you can require your client to connect to the server every 4 minutes or so by adding the following lines to the beginning of the ~/.ssh/config on your local computer:

Host *
    ServerAliveInterval 240

Uploading and downloading files using SSH connection

Typically, Secure Shell allows you to execute terminal commands on the remote server using bash, zsh, sh, or another shell. But very often, you also need to transfer files securely to and from the server. For that, you have these options: scp command, rsync command, or FTP client with SFTP support.

scp

The scp stands for Secure Copy.

This is how you would copy the secrets.json file from the remote server to your local development environment:

$ scp the_user@example.com:~/src/myproject/myproject/settings/secrets.json ./myproject/settings/secrets.json

Here is an example of the same, but with custom ~/.ssh/config configuration:

$ scp examplecom:~/src/myproject/myproject/settings/secrets.json ./myproject/settings/secrets.json

To copy the file from the local computer to the remote server, you would switch the places of source and target:

$ scp ./myproject/settings/secrets.json examplecom:~/src/myproject/myproject/settings/secrets.json

rsync

To synchronize directories on the server and locally, you can use the rsync command. This is how to do it for downloading the media/ directory (note that the trailing slashes matter):

$ rsync --archive --compress --partial --progress the_user@example.com:~/src/myproject/myproject/media/ ./myproject/media/

Here is an example of the same with a custom ~/.ssh/config configuration:

$ rsync --archive --compress --partial --progress examplecom:~/src/myproject/myproject/media/ ./myproject/media/

To upload the media/ directory to the remote server, you would again switch places for the source and target:

$ rsync --archive --compress --partial --progress ./myproject/media/ examplecom:~/src/myproject/myproject/media/

sftp

FTP clients like Transmit allow you to have SFTP connections either by username and password or by username and private key. You can even generate the private-public keys directly in the app there.

SFTP works like FTP, but all communication is encrypted there.

The final words

Use only encrypted connections for your network communications, encrypt your hard disk if you use manually generated private-public keys, and use strong passwords.

Be safe!

---

Cover photo by Jason D.

Working with Dates and Times in the Forms

HTML5 comes with a bunch of new types for the input fields that are rendered as rich native widgets. Browsers even restrict invalid values and validate the input immediately. Let's explore how we could make use of them in Django forms.

We will be using an Exhibition model with models.DateField, models.TimeField, and models.DateTimeField:

# exhibitions/models.py
from django.db import models
from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _

class Exhibition(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(_("Title"), max_length=200)
    start = models.DateField(_("Start"))
    end = models.DateField(_("End"), blank=True, null=True)
    opening = models.TimeField(_("Opening every day"))
    closing = models.TimeField(_("Closing every day"))
    vernissage = models.DateTimeField(_("Vernissage"), blank=True, null=True)
    finissage = models.DateTimeField(_("Finissage"), blank=True, null=True)

    class Meta:
        verbose_name = _("Exhibition")
        verbose_name_plural = _("Exhibitions")

    def __str__(self):
        return self.title

Here is a quick model form for the Exhibition model:

# exhibitions/forms.py
from django import forms
from .models import Exhibition

class ExhibitionForm(forms.ModelForm):
    class Meta:
        model = Exhibition
        fields = "__all__"

If we now open a Django shell and create an instance of the model form with some initial values, then print the form as HTML to the console, we will notice, that all date and time fields are rendered as <input type="text" /> and the values for the dates are in a local format, not the ISO standard YYYY-MM-DD:

(venv)$ python manage.py shell
>>> from exhibitions.forms import ExhibitionForm
>>> from datetime import datetime, date, time
>>> form = ExhibitionForm(initial={
...     "start": date(2020, 1, 1),
...     "end": date(2020, 3, 31),
...     "opening": time(11, 0),
...     "closing": time(20, 0),
...     "vernissage": datetime(2019, 12, 27, 19, 0),
...     "finissage": datetime(2020, 4, 1, 19, 0),
>>> })
>>> print(form.as_p())
<p><label for="id_title">Title:</label> <input type="text" name="title" maxlength="200" required id="id_title"></p>
<p><label for="id_start">Start:</label> <input type="text" name="start" value="01.01.2020" required id="id_start"></p>
<p><label for="id_end">End:</label> <input type="text" name="end" value="31.03.2020" id="id_end"></p>
<p><label for="id_opening">Opening every day:</label> <input type="text" name="opening" value="11:00:00" required id="id_opening"></p>
<p><label for="id_closing">Closing every day:</label> <input type="text" name="closing" value="20:00:00" required id="id_closing"></p>
<p><label for="id_vernissage">Vernissage:</label> <input type="text" name="vernissage" value="27.12.2019 19:00:00" id="id_vernissage"></p>
<p><label for="id_finissage">Finissage:</label> <input type="text" name="finissage" value="01.04.2020 19:00:00" id="id_finissage"></p>

Let's modify the model form and customize the date and time inputs. We will extend and use forms.DateInput, forms.TimeInput, and forms.DateTimeInput widgets. We want to show date inputs as <input type="date" />, time inputs as <input type="time" />, and date-time inputs as <input type="datetime-local" />. In addition, the format for the dates should be based on ISO standard.

# exhibitions/forms.py
from django import forms
from .models import Exhibition


class DateInput(forms.DateInput):
    input_type = "date"

    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
        kwargs["format"] = "%Y-%m-%d"
        super().__init__(**kwargs)


class TimeInput(forms.TimeInput):
    input_type = "time"


class DateTimeInput(forms.DateTimeInput):
    input_type = "datetime-local"

    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
        kwargs["format"] = "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M"
        super().__init__(**kwargs)


class ExhibitionForm(forms.ModelForm):
    class Meta:
        model = Exhibition
        fields = "__all__"

    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        self.fields["start"].widget = DateInput()
        self.fields["end"].widget = DateInput()
        self.fields["opening"].widget = TimeInput()
        self.fields["closing"].widget = TimeInput()
        self.fields["vernissage"].widget = DateTimeInput()
        self.fields["vernissage"].input_formats = ["%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M", "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M"]
        self.fields["finissage"].widget = DateTimeInput()
        self.fields["finissage"].input_formats = ["%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M", "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M"]

Let's see now in the Django shell if that worked as expected:

(venv)$ python manage.py shell
>>> from exhibitions.forms import ExhibitionForm
>>> from datetime import datetime, date, time
>>> form = ExhibitionForm(initial={
...     "start": date(2020, 1, 1),
...     "end": date(2020, 3, 31),
...     "opening": time(11, 0),
...     "closing": time(20, 0),
...     "vernissage": datetime(2019, 12, 27, 19, 0),
...     "finissage": datetime(2020, 4, 1, 19, 0),
>>> })
>>> print(form.as_p())
<p><label for="id_title">Title:</label> <input type="text" name="title" maxlength="200" required id="id_title"></p>
<p><label for="id_start">Start:</label> <input type="date" name="start" value="2020-01-01" required id="id_start"></p>
<p><label for="id_end">End:</label> <input type="date" name="end" value="2020-03-31" id="id_end"></p>
<p><label for="id_opening">Opening every day:</label> <input type="time" name="opening" value="11:00:00" required id="id_opening"></p>
<p><label for="id_closing">Closing every day:</label> <input type="time" name="closing" value="20:00:00" required id="id_closing"></p>
<p><label for="id_vernissage">Vernissage:</label> <input type="datetime-local" name="vernissage" value="2019-12-27T19:00" id="id_vernissage"></p>
<p><label for="id_finissage">Finissage:</label> <input type="datetime-local" name="finissage" value="2020-04-01T19:00" id="id_finissage"></p>

The same way you can also create widgets for other HTML5 input types: color, email, month, number, range, tel, url, week, and alike.

Happy coding!

---

Cover photo by Eric Rothermel.